Saturday, September 24, 2011

纽伦堡审判(Judgment At Nuremberg)——法官审判法官


纽伦堡位于德国南部巴伐利亚州,是国家社会主义德国工人党(纳粹党)的诞生和年度庆祝地。纽伦堡审判是一起真实的事件。二战后,英美法苏四国组成了一个审判德国主要战犯的军事法庭,地点在德国纽伦堡,法庭审判团由各国各派出一名法官组成,另外再派一名替代法官和一名公诉人。这次审判从1945年10月18开庭,至1946年10月16日执行绞刑,前后差不多一年时间。法庭对德国24个主要战犯及6个战犯组织——以纳粹党为首,再加上党卫军,盖世太保(秘密警察),SD,SA,高级军官——进行如下指控:
1.Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of a crime against peace
2.Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace
3.War crimes
4.Crimes against humanity
翻译成中文就是:
1,参与一项共同计划或共谋实现反和平的罪行;
2,计划,着手并发动侵略战争,以及其它反和平的罪行;
3,战争罪行;
4,反人类罪行。

这是“纽伦堡审判”的主要部分,之后美国还举行了一些附属性的审判,地点不限于纽伦堡。而这部1961年版的《纽伦堡审判》便是以后面这些审判为历史背景的一次审判,故事发生的时间在1948年,军事法庭审判团由美国三位法官组成,审判的四名被告均为德国战败前的法官,美军公诉人对他们的指控是:在纳粹党统治德国期间犯有反人类罪。这里,首先有一个法律问题,即法庭的合法性。影片中被告不承认它的审判权,法庭视为“无罪”辩护。我想对这个问题多说一点,这也是这部影片很特殊一个地方,它说的不是某个国家的法庭,而是在国际关系中出现的法庭,世界第一个永久性国际罪行审判法庭是根据1998年的罗马条约在2002年成立于荷兰海牙的ICC。那么,在二战之后,基于德国并未与同盟国签订这样的国际条约,同盟国的审判权力可以延及德国参与战争的人吗?如果可以,它又依据何种法律?按照有些人对法律的肤浅理解,这样的法庭对德国战犯没有审判权,按照他们的解释,战败前的德国预谋屠杀所制定的法律似乎倒是合法的。其实,按照英美法体系,一个国家与另外一个国家,就算没有达成任何协议,也还是存在某种法律的,就像任何两个人之间,就算国家并未诞生或陷于无政府状态,也还是存在某种法律的,这就是“自然法”。确实,有些法律,比如版权法,是规定版权期为五十年还是七十年,由各国立法机构去确定,且必须遵循“不溯既往”的原则。但是,也有一些罪行,即便一些暴政国家的法律视为合法,也是违背自然法的,因而是无效的。按照洛克对国际自然法的解释,一个国家对另一个国家发动了的侵略战争,正义的一方拥有权利剥夺战败国那些参与战争的人的生命,因而其它较低级任意处置的权利都是合法的,包括审判的权利。

这就是我对这个问题的看法,中间的情节留给读者自己去看。最后我想将法庭的判决译成中文。中英文对照如下:
Simple murders and atrocities do not constitute the gravamen of the charges in this indictment. Rather, the charge is that of conscious participation in a nationwide, government-organized system of cruelty and injustice in violation of every moral and legal principle known to all civilized nations. The tribunal has carefully studied the record and found therein abundant evidence to support beyond a reasonable doubt the charges against these defendants.
简单的谋杀和暴行不足以构成本次起诉的指控罪行。更恰当的指控的是:有意识的参与一个残暴和非正义的全国范围的,有组织的政府系统,这个系统与所有文明国家众所所知的每个道德和法律原则相违背。本庭仔细研究了档案记录并从中发现充足的证据支持——超越了合理的怀疑——对这些被告的指控。

Herr Rolfe in his very skillful defence has asserted that there are others who must share the ultimate responsibility for what happened here in Germany. There is truth in this. The real complaining party at the bar in this courtroom is civilization. But the tribunal does say that the men in the dock are responsible for their actions. Men who sat in black robes in judgment on other men. Men who took part in the enactment of laws and decrees the purpose of which was the extermination of human beings. Men who in executive positions actively participated in the enforcement these laws illegal even under German law. The principle of criminal law in every civilized society has this in common: any person who sways another to commit murder, any person who furnishes the lethal weapon for the purpose of the crime, any person who is an accessory to the crime, is guilty.
Herr Rolfe(被告辩护律师),以其非常熟练的辩护宣称:在德国这里所发生的一切,除了被告还有其他人必须为最后的结果承担责任。这是事实。本法庭真正的控诉方是文明。但是本庭所说的是,被告席上的人应当为他们自己的行为承担责任。这些人身穿黑袍坐着审判他人。这些人参与制定以灭绝人类为目的的法律和法令。这些担当司法职务的人积极参与强制实施这些法律,即使是以德国法律的名义也是非法的。在每个文明的社会,罪法都有一个共同的原则:即怂恿他人谋杀的,为犯罪的目的提供致命性武器的,充当罪行的协从者的,无论任何人,都是有罪的。

Herr Rolfe further asserts that the defendant Janning was an extraordinary jurist and acted in what he thought was the best interest of his country. There is truth in this also. Janning, to be sure is a tragic figure. We believe he loathed the evil he did. But compassion for the present torture of his soul must not beget forgetfulness of the torture and the death of millions by the government of which he was a part. Janning’s record and his fate illuminate the most shattering truth that has emerged from this trial. If he and all of the other defendants had been degraded perverts, if all of the leaders of the Third Reich had been sadistic monsters and maniacs, then these events would have no more moral significance than an earthquake, or any other natural catastrophe. But this trial has shown that under a national crisis ordinary even able and extraordinary men can delude themselves into the commission of crimes so vast and heinous that they beggar the imagination. No one who has sat through the trial can ever forget them. Men sterilized because of political belief, a mockery made of friendship and faith, the murder of children. How easily it can happen. There are those in our own country too, who today speak of the protection of country of survival. A decision must be made in the life of every nation at the very moment when the grasp of the enemy is at its throat. Then it seems that the only way to survive is to use the means of the enemy to rest survival upon what is expedient. To look the other way, the answer to that is: survival as what? A country isn’t a rock, It’s not an extension of one’s self. It’s what it stands for. It’s what it stands for when standing for something is the most difficult.
Herr Rolfe进一步宣称:被告简宁(Janning)是一个杰出的法学家,他所做的在他自己看来都是为了他的国家的最大利益。这也是事实。简宁,确实是一个悲剧人物。我们相信他厌恶他所行的罪恶。但是对他现在灵魂的折磨的同情一定不能变成对成百万人的折磨和死亡的遗忘,而他曾经作为这个政府的一员。简宁的档案记录和他的命运表明了一个通过本次审判所呈现出来的最令人震惊的事实,即如果他和所有其他的被告都成为退化的变态者,如果第三帝国的所有领导人都成为虐待成性的魔鬼和疯子,那么,这些事件将不会比地震或任何其它自然灾难具有更多的道德意义。但是,本次审判已经表明,在国家处于危机关头,普通的甚至是能干和杰出的人也会自我欺骗并参与到如此巨大和可憎的罪恶当中来,即使这些罪恶为他们所无法想像。(影片向我们表明:这些法官声称他们并不知道那些罪行,甚至反问道,如何能够做到谋杀成百万的人?所以,他们认为对他们的指控是一种诬陷。有一个被告说了,杀人根本不是问题,处理尸体才是问题。[译注])参与审判过程的人,没有人会忘记他们。那些因为政治信念而被强制进行绝育手术,对友谊和信任的嘲弄,谋杀孩子。这一切如此轻易的发生。在我们自己的国家,今天也有人在谈论国家生存的保护问题。当敌人正扼住它喉咙的时刻,它才必须果断行事。也只有在此刻,生存的唯一途径才是将敌人作为自身幸存的必要手段。让我们换个角度来看,对此的回答是:国家作为什么而存在?国家又不是一块石头这样的东西。它就是它所坚持的东西,在于最难以坚持的时候它所坚持的那些价值观。

Before the people of the world, let it now be noted that here in our decision, this is what we stand for: justice, truth, and the value of a single human being.
在世界人们面前,让它记录在我们这份判决书中,这便是我们所坚持的:正义,真相和单个人类的价值。

(一篇相关文章:当法官审判法官时