Hobbes’ 19 Natural Laws

According to Hobbes, there are nineteen Laws. (chapter XIV & XV of Leviathan)

        I.       The first Law of nature is that every man ought to endeavor peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war.
只要有望实现和平，每个人都应当尽力为之；当不能实现和平的时候，他可以寻求和使用战争以帮助实现之。

      II.       The second Law of nature is that a man be willing, when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself.
在他人也愿意这样做的情况下，为了和平和必要的自我保护，人应当愿意放弃这种对一切事物的权利；他有多大的自由反对他人，他也愿意允许他人有大多的自由反对他自己。

    III.       The third Law is that men perform their covenants made. In this law of nature consists the fountain and original of justice... when a covenant is made, then to break it is unjust and the definition of injustice is no other than the not performance of covenant. And whatsoever is not unjust is just.
人应当履行他们自己所订的契约。这条法律构成了正义的源泉···订立契约之后，破坏契约是不正当的，而不正当的意思无非就是不履行契约。不正当之外的任何事情都是正当的。

    IV.       The fourth Law is that a man which receives benefit from another of mere grace, endeavor that he which gives it, have no reasonable cause to repent him of his good will. Breach of this law is called ingratitude.
接受他人纯粹的恩惠的人，应当努力让施恩者没有合理的理由来为他的善意感到后悔。违背这条法律被称为“忘恩”。

      V.       The fifth Law is complaisance: that every man strive to accommodate himself to the rest. The observers of this law may be called sociable; the contrary, stubborn, insociable, froward, intractable.
取悦他人：每个人应当努力适应他人。遵守这条法律的人可称为善交际；相反则称为顽固，不善交际，刚愎，难相处。

    VI.       The sixth Law is that upon caution of the future time, a man ought to pardon the offences past of them that repenting, desire it.
当他人为过去的冒犯悔改并要求宽恕时，人应当宽恕。

  VII.       The seventh Law is that in revenges, men look not at the greatness of the evil past, but the greatness of the good to follow.
在报复中，人不应当看过去罪恶之重，而是看将来益处之大。

VIII.       The eighth Law is that no man by deed, word, countenance, or gesture, declare hatred or contempt of another. The breach of which law is commonly called contumely.
人不应当通过行为，语言，表情或姿态向他人宣示仇恨或蔑视。违背这条法律通常被称为傲慢无礼。

    IX.       The ninth Law is that every man acknowledge another for his equal by nature. The breach of this precept is pride.
每个人应当承认他人的平等性质。违背这条诫律便是高傲。

      X.       The tenth law is that at the entrance into the conditions of peace, no man require to reserve to himself any right, which he is not content should be reserved to every one of the rest. The breach of this precept is arrogance, and observers of the precept are called modest.
进入和平状态时，任何人都不应当要求为自己保留任何他不愿他人保留的权利。违背这条诫律便是傲慢。遵守这条诫律被称为谦逊。

    XI.       The eleventh law is that if a man be trusted to judge between man and man, that he deal equally between them.
XI，如果有人受信任来裁判人与人之间的争议，他应当平等的对待他们。

  XII.       The twelfth law is that such things as cannot be divided, be enjoyed in common, if it can be; and if the quantity of the thing permit, without stint; otherwise proportionably to the number of them that have right.
不能分割的物品如能共享，应当共享；如果物品的数量允许，应当不加限制；否则应当根据有权利获得的人平均分配。

XIII.       The thirteenth law is the entire right, or else...the first possession (in the case of alternating use), of a thing that can neither be divided nor enjoyed in common should be determined by lottery.
整体的权利，对于一件既不能分割又不能共同享有的物品，在轮流使用的情况中，第一个占有的人应当通过抽签来决定。

XIV.       The fourteenth law is that those things which cannot be enjoyed in common, nor divided, ought to be adjudged to the first possessor; and in some cases to the first born, as acquired by lot.
对于那些既不能共同享有又不能分割的物品，应当判给第一个占有者；在某些情况中是第一个出生的人，如同抽签获得。

 XV.       The fifteenth law is that all men that mediate peace be allowed safe conduct.
调解以促成和平的人应当允许获得安全保障。

XVI.       The sixteenth law is that they that are at controversies, submit their Right to the judgement of an Arbitrator.
争议的双方应当将他们的权利提交给一个裁决者来裁决。

XVII.       The seventeenth law is that no man is a fit Arbitrator in his own cause.
没有人适合在涉及自身的情况下担当裁决者。

XVIII.       The eighteenth law is that no man should serve as a judge in a case if greater profit, or honor, or pleasure apparently arises [for him] out of the victory of one party, than of the other.
如果争议的一方获胜，审判者能够较另一方获胜明显获得更大的利益，荣誉或满足，那么在这种情况下此人不应当担当审判者。

XIX.       The nineteenth law is that in a disagreement of fact, the judge should not give more weight to the testimony of one party than another, and absent other evidence, should give credit to the testimony of other witnesses.
在对事实的争议中，审判者不应当偏信于任何一方的证词，在缺乏其它证据的情况下，应当相信其他证人的证词。

一点说明：洛克与霍布斯使用过一些共同的概念，但这仅指字面上而言，二者理论上的差异之大，使得一个读者在接受其中一个之后不可能再接受另外一个。霍布斯的自然状态是每个人反对每个人的战争状态（a condition of war of every man against every man），是每个人都可以为所欲为（doing anything he likes）的状态，这显然不是洛克的自然状态。不过，单独将霍布斯所阐明的19条natural law剥离出来，还是颇有一些道理的。